Physical Hazards
Physical hazards often present a greater danger inside an enclosed space than they do outside.
Examples:
 Noise and vibration
An enclosed environment can amplify noise. Excessive noise can damage hearing and prevent communication. It can affect workers’ ability to hear alarms, warning shouts, or orders to evacuate.
 Temperature extremes
Ask plant personnel if workers could encounter dangerous temperatures.
For example, heat stress can be a hazard when working around boilers, hot pipe or tanks or structures heated by the sun. Protective clothing can also add to heat stress.
 Cramped workspaces
Cramped workspaces restrict movement and can make using tools and equipment difficult and dangerous.
 Poor access or exit
Confined space openings are generally small and not well-located. This can make entry and exit difficult and can interfere with rescue.
 Rotating or moving equipment
Before entry, identify any moving or rotating equipment (such as
conveyors, mixers, augers, etc.) which could become activated by stored pressure, accidental contact, or gravity action. Check with personnel on lockout and tagout procedures, and review drawings,
plans, and specifications.
 Electrical hazards
Any exposed conductors or energized equipment should be identified
before entry. The presence of water in confined spaces may pose an
additional electrocution hazard where electrical circuits, equipment, and tools are used.

 Engulfment due to uncontrolled movement of liquids and solids
Liquids, sludge, fine solids, and other material may not be completely
removed from confined spaces and may present an engulfment or
drowning hazard. Use inspection ports and dipsticks, and check with 
personnel to evaluate such hazards.
 Slick or wet surfaces
You can be severely injured from a slip or fall on icy, oily, wet, or moist
surfaces.
 Lighting
Confined spaces generally have poor lighting. You often need temporary lighting. In potentially explosive atmospheres, use lighting designed for such situations.